Electrical funda

definition of air preheater air preheater increase the temperature  of the air. It is most commonly used in thermal power plant. And it is increase the efficiency of the boiler. Working of air preheaters (APH) 1. The hot fuel gas from the economist first enters the air preheater. Then those gases go through the tube to the chimney. The air mass then enters the preheater through the air inlet.  2.  Then both air and fuel gas flow in opposite directions.  3. baffles are provided in the air preheater to provide more time for exchanging heat from fuel gas to air   4. thus heat is absorbed by the air from the fuel gas. 5. this preheater air is supplied to the furnace.  construction   1. A tubular type air preheater is a large number of tube . 2. the fuel gas pass through the tube. 3. air flows over the tube. 4. baffles are provided to pass the air b number of time over the tube.  5. a soot hopper is provided at the bottom to collect the soo...

 Rotating magnetic field produce in three phase induction machine.  When a three phase supply is produced in three phase induction machine then stator winding are energized and magmatic flux is produced . this magmatic flux are 120° different from each other.and it's roted anticlockwise direction due to this inertia the magnetic flux is cut to the rotor conductor. For it a emf is induced on rotor conductor .for this  mmf  the rotor is rotated with synchronous speed. RMF in Induction Motor is Rotating To demonstrate that this RMF is pivoting we will:  Stage 1: We will discover the upsides of complete motion ɸT for various upsides of θ like 0, 60, 120 , 180 … .. 360o.  Stage 2: For each worth of θ in sync 1, we will draw the phasor charts.  By noticing these phasor digrams you can see effectively that ɸT continue to move its situation from 90o to 30o to – 30o to – 90o, etc. As such ɸT turns the clock insightful way. Bearing of Turning Attractive Field...

 Economizer Definition of Economizer  Economizer is a mechanical device which increases the efficiency of boiler.  Economizers are heat exchangers that move the hotness in the pipe gas to another medium‚ by and large the heater feed-water‚ albeit different streams are once in a while utilized, for example, make-up water. There are 2 sorts of economizers: non-consolidating and gathering. Function of Economizer   1. It is used in thermal and nuclear power plant.  2. It is increasing the temperature. 3. For it increases the efficiency of boiler. working With the help of economizer the temperature of boiler water is increased.  Water boils at a certain temperature in the boiler and turns into steam.  The turbine is rotated using the force of that steam.  Then electricity is produced by coupling the generator with the turbine.  The steam now produced is cooled by a cooling tower and turned into water again.  And that water again comes to the...

what is strain gauge ? A string gauge is a sensor which whose resistance varies with applied force.it converts force, pressure, tension weight e.t.c in to a Electrical resistance which can then be measured like pizo resistive transducer. Working principle of strain gauge : As we applied forced to extend the length of gauge it's cross section area must reduce becouse volume of material remain constant. Then strain gauge is connected to a balanced whiston  bridge but as force is applied on gauge resistance change and bridge becomes unbalanced producing V0                       Gauge factor Gf=1+2Y Y= paison ratio Using gauge factor we determined change in resistance to the modify resistance and then using Wheaton bridge V0 Examples : Gauge factor in semiconductor is 120 Gauge factor in Ni=12 Gauge factor in co=4.9 Gauge factor in pt=5.2 C=10 types of strain gauge 1. Straight strain checks.  2. Layer Rosette strain checks....

# site selection of thermal power plant 1.supply of fuel  the steam power station should be located near the coalmines area , so that transportation cost of fuel is very low .  in the event that the plant, for example, is to be introduced at where the coal isn't Avilable , then, at that point, care ought to be taken that satisfactory facilitics exist for the transportation of coal. 2. Aviliblity of water The need for water is very important when it comes to building a thermal power station. To turn the turbine from steam in a thermal power plant requires a small amount of water. That is why it is necessary to have a suitable water system next to the thermal power plant. The main ingredient for steaming is water. So it is very important to have water 3. Transportation facilities Transportation facilities are very important means by which the various row material of the thermal power plant can be easily transacted.  That is why the thermal power plant needs to be c...

today life Electrical power The demand for electrical power is very important today. In the big mills today there is no work without electric supply. As technology improves, so does the demand for electricity. It is not just the factories but everything from our homes to the shops to the market that has the power and demand for electricity. At present our smart phone will not charge without electric supply. Home TV, fridge, fan, light, etc. Now the demand for electrical power is very important in electrical bikes, cars, etc. In fact digital power has made our life very easy Use of electricity 1.  Various factories  :- At present electric is more used in factories. Here electrical mechin is used instead of diesel engine. For this, electricity is used in many industries. 2. use to home : - It is not possible to run various parts of the house such as AC, fridge, TV, washing machine, light lamp, mobile phone charge etc. without electrical power. 3. Use in scientific work...

 primary distribution system Essential circulation frameworks comprise of feeders that convey power from dispersion substations to appropriation transformers. A feeder typically starts with a feeder breaker at the conveyance substation. Numerous feeders leave substation in a substantial conduits and are directed to a close by shaft. Essential circulation works at the high voltage, for example, (3.3,6.6 and 11 KV).Primary appropriation is generally completed by 3-phase,3-wire system.Electric power from the producing station is communicated through additional high pressure transmission lines at voltage from 33 to 765 kv,to the substations.At the substations considered optional substations the voltage is ventured down to 11,6.6 or 3.3 KV with the assistance of force transformers for essential dispersion.  The 33/11 kV optional substations are typically situated in the space having load necessity of the request for 5 MVA and ordinarily an essential dissemination line or a feeder i...

basic Requirement for measurements        *  Deflecting Torque        *  controlling torque         *  spring control method       * gravity control        * Damping torque  Deflecting torque  The force (power) needed for the diversion of the pointer is called deflecting force. The framework which gives the avoiding force, when the current is gone through it is known as a redirecting framework. Each instrument will have an avoiding framework that changes over the electric energy into mechanical energy and consequently giving the important and adequate diverting force. This is accomplished by using the different impacts of electric flow or voltage. The diverting force makes the moving framework move from its zero position. The avoiding force is created by using at least one of the accompanying impacts of current or voltage controlling torque  The controlling f...

  What is corona effect? A special stage occurs when the air on all four sides of the conductor becomes ionized by electrostatic stress and the insulation strength of the air breaks down. In this condition light dull purple ray discharge with hissing or  sound is seen on all four sides of the conductor. This condition is called Corona  effect. basic information  The electric field force likewise builds due to the charging flow.  In the event that the power of the electric field is under 30kV, the flow incites between the conduit is ignored. However, in the event that the voltage ascend past the 30kv, the air between the conductors becomes charge and they begin directing. The starting happens between the conductors till the total breakdown of the protection properties of conductors happens. DISADVANTAGE OF CORONA EFFECT   1. The gleam show up across the conductor which shows the force misfortune happen on it.  2. The sound commotion happens in view...

 Qualcomm Snapdragon processor   The Qualcomm Snapdragon 665 (SM6125) is a quick mid-range ARM-put together SoC generally found with respect to Android tablets and cell phones.  It highlights 8 Kryo 260 centers (hand craft, 64-Digit able) that are partitioned in two bunches.  A quick group of four centers with up to 2 GHz (Kryo 260 Gold - Cortex-A73 derivate) and a force saving proficiency bunch with up to 1.8 GHz (Kryo 260 Silver - Cortex A53 derivate).  The two groups can likewise be utilized together.  Notwithstanding the 8 central processor centers, the SoC incorporates a mid reach Adreno 610 GPU with a LPDDR4 memory regulator (double channel) and supports Wi-Fi (802.11ac + MIMO, at the most.  867 Mbps), Bluetooth 5, and LTE (X12 LTE modem with up to 600 Mbps download and 150 Mbps transfer).

  Introduction of Lithium-ion battery Lithium-particle batteries power the existences of millions of individuals every day. From PCs and cells to mixtures and electric vehicles, this innovation is filling in prominence because of its light weight, high energy thickness, and capacity to re-energize.  Lithuanian ion battery Lithium-particle cells are broadly utilized for cells and note-type (PCs) in view of their high voltage and high energy thickness. In excess of 1000 million such cells were sold in the year 2007. A large number of the business lithium-particle cells have lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) positive anodes, carbon negative cathodes, and nonaqueous electrolyte arrangements. These cells ought to be protected on the grounds that the different sorts of electronic insurance gadgets, for example, cheat security circuit and wire are introduced in the business battery pack regardless of whether the battery pack utilizes just a single cell. In any case, the security edge of ...

  Definition of AC current   Alternating Current (AC) is a sort of electrical flow, wherein the heading of the progression of electrons switches to and from at normal stretches or cycles . Flow streaming in electrical cables and ordinary family power that comes from a divider outlet is exchanging flow. For what reason is AC power helpful? We generally use AC power to control our TV, lights and PCs. ... AC power was shown to be preferred for providing power over DC, essentially on the grounds that the voltages can be changed. AC likewise takes into account different gadgets to be utilized, opening a wide scope of utilizations. Benefits of ac over dc:  We as a whole realize that we got ac supply in our homes and we got this stock by sending ac over significant distances. AC can be communicated utilizing move forward transformers however direct current or dc can not be sent by this strategy.  The air conditioner is not difficult to create than dc.  It is less expen...

Eddy current loss  At the point when a rotating attractive field is applied to an attractive material, an emf is prompted in the actual material as indicated by Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic acceptance. Since the attractive material is a leading material, these EMFs flow current inside the body of the material. As these flows are not answerable for accomplishing any helpful work, and it creates a misfortune (I2R misfortune) in the attractive material known as an Eddy Current Loss. Like hysteresis misfortune, swirl current misfortune additionally builds the temperature of the attractive material.  The hysteresis and the vortex current misfortunes in an attractive material are additionally known by the name iron misfortunes or center misfortunes or attractive misfortunes. It is hard to decide the swirl current misfortune from the obstruction and current qualities, however by the analyses, the whirlpool current influence misfortune in an attractive material. Ke – co-proficient...

  Photoelectric effect Photoelectric Effect Here, Hertz and contemporary scientists observe Hertz and contemporary scientists on the anode plate: i.  spark) continues to be generated.   He speculates that ultraviolet rays cause a large number of electromagnetic particles to form in the tube, which can be identified as the cause of sparks.     Experiments by other contemporary scientists have shown that the negative charge of the cathode plate decreases when purple rays collide with the super-plate.  This can only happen if negative electromagnetic particles are emitted from the cathode plate.   In addition, a similar phenomenon occurs when a cathode made of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, etc., emits purple, blue, and green light of relatively short wavelengths within the visible spectrum instead of ultraviolet rays.   This phenomenon of emission of negatively charged particles from a metal surface under the effect of this light...

  Quantum physics    Quantum matter is a key element in modern physics. This theory is basically the physics inside the atom of the microscopic world. This branch began in the early twentieth century. In quantum theory we now see all these facts and realities. It is no less surprising that the scientists who laid the foundations of quantum theory came to this conclusion by discussing various issues.  There are so many types it's hard to say.  These values ​​are usually obtained by multiplying integers by any initial quantity.  This type of quantity is called quantized quantity.  And the initial amount is called the quantum of that sum.

LVDT works on the principal of transformer consisting of single primary winding connected in series opposition. Which the coil iron core lies under will have higher voltage Working principle of LVDT As the primary is connected to an AC sours . So alternating current and voltage are produced in the secondary of LVDT. Let,        The output in the secondary S1 is E1 and the another secondary S2 is E2   As core moves permeability varies and hence secondary voltage varies Core move up , permeability increase for  E1 increase, V0=E1-E2>0 Core move down, permeability increase for  E2 increase, V0=E1-E2<0 ADVANTAGE 1.  It is high sensitivity 2. it is linear response 3. No need of amplifier 4. It can be used as primary and secondary transducer DISADVANTAGE 1. it is affected by external magnetic field 2. Output is affected due to vibration

Classification of transducer 1) Transducer and inverse transducer 2) active and passive transducer 3) primary and secondary transducer 4) analog and digital transducer First we are discussing  1. Transducer and inverse transducer          Transducer is a device which physical signal concerted to Electrical signal   Inverse transducer is a any Electrical signal concerted to a physical quantity Examples- speaker 2. Active Transducer   It is a transducer which converts one from of energy in to other from of with out use of any axulary power source EX- solar cell, photovoltaic cells 3. Passive transducer It is a device which converts one from of energy into other from with the use of any axulary power source EX-  photovoltaic cells, bridge. 3. Analog transducer    It converts the input quantity into an analog output which is the continuous function of time EX- strain gauge 4 digital transducer It converts input quantity into an electric...

Transducer A transducer is a device which converts any non Electrical quantity to be measured into a propositional Electrical signal.  Here non Electrical quantity is speed, position, acceleration torque and pressure etc. What is a transducer? Important of transducer Examples Example of transducer The signal goes from the dish of the TV to the set top box and from the set top box to the TV Tr Need of transducer Electrical transducer can be used as a sensing device. What is a transducer? Important of transducer  Which any physical, mechanical quantity is transducer in to a proposional voltage and current

 The biggest reason for your smart phone to charge slowly 1. you will use your own chargers and data cord      If you not use your mobile charger then your phone  charging will be slow. So you will use your own chargers 2.After charging 20% ​​to 90% at a time, do not open the charger cord from the mobile before opening it. 3.Many times the phone gets slow charge due to dust in the pin of the phone    

 Smart grid technology is a very important technology for which current loss is very low.  It balances the supply and demand of current. Smart grid concept || how to work smart grid technology  If more current is induced in a given plant than its demand, then it is necessary to send the excess current through the grid to another place where there is a supplied low. Advantages of grid The resulting loss is very low. And those found companies will be able to sell their extra power

 Solar energy are three types 1. Photovoltaic solar energy 2. solar thermal energy 3.consentrating solar energy Photovoltaic solar energy The energy generated by incident solar energy into electricity is termed as photovoltaic solar energy This is done using photovoltaic solar cell Photovoltaic solar cell is two types  1 monocrystalline 2 polycrystal line Solar thermal energy Solar thermal energy is the heat energy derived from the incident solar energy. this is used by solar heating panel. Consentrating solar energy Concentrating solar energy works like a thermal power plant.  When many mirrors are placed together in sunlight, the light from all the mirrors is placed in one place by consenting in one place.  There the water in the boiler is heated to the temperature of sunlight and then electricity is generated like a thermal power plant. Consentrating solar power

  What is the solar energy? Solar energy is the energy which is coming from Sun This energy is the from of solar radiation that is producing a solar electricity. Solar panels Why do we need solar energy? Because, solar power is free available from Sun and it does not produce pollution or green house gases.  Its easy to install  Type of solar energy Photovoltaic solar power Solar thermal energy Concentrated solar power